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Home  ›  Formula For Lead Ii Nitride

Formula For Lead Ii Nitride

Written By Tuesday, November 1, 2022 Add Comment Edit
Lead(Ii) nitrate

Lead(II)-nitrate-unit-cell-3D-balls.png

Lead(II)-nitrate-xtal-3D-SF.png

Identifiers

CAS Number
  • 10099-74-8 ☒ N

3D model (JSmol)
  • Interactive image
ChemSpider
  • 23300
ECHA InfoCard 100.030.210 Edit this at Wikidata
EC Number
  • 233-245-9

PubChem CID

  • 24924
RTECS number
  • OG2100000
UNII
  • 6E5P1699FI
Un number 1469

CompTox Dashboard (EPA)

  • DTXSID2035069 Edit this at Wikidata

InChI

  • InChI=1S/2NO3.Pb/c2*2-ane(three)4;/q2*-i;+2

    Fundamental: RLJMLMKIBZAXJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N

SMILES

  • [Due north+](=O)([O-])[O-].[N+](=O)([O-])[O-].[Pb+2]
Properties

Chemical formula

 Pb(NO3)2
Molar mass 331.2 g/mol
Appearance colorless or white
Density 4.53 g/cm3
Melting point 470 °C (878 °F; 743 K)[2] decomposes

Solubility in h2o

 376.5 k/50 (0 °C)
597 g/L (25°C)
1270 m/50 (100°C)

Magnetic susceptibility (χ)

 −74·10−6 cmiii/mol[1]

Refractive index (northward D)

 one.782[2]
Thermochemistry

Std enthalpy of
formation (Δf H ⦵ 298)

−451.ix kJ·mol−1 [1]
Hazards
GHS labelling:[iv]

Pictograms

 GHS05: Corrosive GHS07: Exclamation mark GHS08: Health hazard GHS09: Environmental hazard

Signal word

 Danger

Chance statements

 H302, H317, H318, H332, H360, H373, H410

Precautionary statements

 P201, P202, P210, P220, P221, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P281, P301+P312, P302+P352, P304+P312, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P313, P310, P312, P314, P321, P330, P333+P313, P363, P370+P378, P391, P405, P501
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)

3

0

one

OX

Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):

LDLo (lowest published)

 500 mg/kg (guinea sus scrofa, oral)[iii]
Prophylactic data sail (SDS) ICSC 1000

Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

Infobox references

Chemical compound

Atomic number 82(2) nitrate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Atomic number 82(NOthree)ii. It commonly occurs as a colourless crystal or white powder and, unlike about other lead(2) salts, is soluble in h2o.

Known since the Center Ages by the name plumbum dulce, the production of pb(2) nitrate from either metallic lead or lead oxide in nitric acid was small-scale, for direct employ in making other atomic number 82 compounds. In the nineteenth century atomic number 82(2) nitrate began to exist produced commercially in Europe and the United States. Historically, the master use was equally a raw material in the product of pigments for lead paints, only such paints take been superseded by less toxic paints based on titanium dioxide. Other industrial uses included heat stabilization in nylon and polyesters, and in coatings of photothermographic newspaper. Since around the year 2000, lead(Ii) nitrate has begun to exist used in gilt cyanidation.

Lead(II) nitrate is toxic and must be handled with care to prevent inhalation, ingestion and skin contact. Due to its hazardous nature, the limited applications of lead(Ii) nitrate are nether abiding scrutiny.

History [edit]

Lead nitrate was first identified in 1597 past the alchemist Andreas Libavius, who called the substance plumbum dulce, pregnant "sweet lead", because of its gustatory modality.[5] It is produced commercially past reaction of metallic pb with concentrated nitric acrid in which it is sparingly soluble.[6] [7] It has been produced as a raw material for making pigments such as chrome yellowish (lead(Two) chromate, PbCrO4) and chrome orange (bones pb(2) chromate, Pb2CrO5) and Naples yellow. These pigments were used for dyeing and press calico and other textiles.[8] It has been used as an oxidizer in blackness powder and together with lead azide in special explosives.[9]

Production [edit]

Lead nitrate is produced by reaction of atomic number 82(2) oxide with full-bodied nitric acrid:[10]

PbO + 2 HNOiii(full-bodied) → Lead(NOthree)ii↓ + H2O

It may also be obtained evaporation of the solution obtained by reacting metallic lead with dilute nitric acrid.[11]

Pb + 4 HNO3 → Pb(NO3)2 + two NOtwo + 2 H2O

Solutions and crystals of lead(2) nitrate are formed in the processing of lead–bismuth wastes from lead refineries.[12]

Construction [edit]

Crystal structure of Pb(NO3)ii [111] plane

The crystal construction of solid lead(Ii) nitrate has been determined by neutron diffraction.[13] [fourteen] The chemical compound crystallizes in the cubic system with the lead atoms in a confront-centred cubic system. Its infinite grouping is Pa3Z=4 (Bravais lattice annotation), with each side of the cube with length 784 picometres.

The black dots correspond the pb atoms, the white dots the nitrate groups 27 picometres above the plane of the lead atoms, and the bluish dots the nitrate groups the same distance beneath this plane. In this configuration, every lead atom is bonded to twelve oxygen atoms (bond length: 281 pm). All N–O bond lengths are identical, at 127 picometres.[fifteen]


Research interest in the crystal structure of lead(II) nitrate was partly based on the possibility of free internal rotation of the nitrate groups inside the crystal lattice at elevated temperatures, but this did not materialise.[14]

Chemical properties and reactions [edit]

Solubility of lead nitrate in nitric acid at 26 °C.[sixteen]

Lead nitrate decomposes on heating, a belongings that has been used in pyrotechnics .[9] Information technology is soluble in water and dilute nitric acid.

Bones nitrates are formed in when brine is added to a solution. Lead2(OH)two(NO3)2 is the predominant species formed at depression pH. At higher pH Pb6(OH)five(NO3) is formed.[17] The cation [Pb6O(OH)six]four+ is unusual in having an oxide ion inside a cluster of 3 face-sharing PbO4 tetrahedra.[18] There is no bear witness for the formation of the hydroxide, Pb(OH)2, in aqueous solution below pH 12.

Solutions of lead nitrate can be used to class co-ordination complexes. Lead(II) is a hard acceptor; information technology forms stronger complexes with nitrogen and oxygen electron-altruistic ligands. For case, combining pb nitrate and pentaethylene glycol (EO5) in a solution of acetonitrile and methanol followed by boring evaporation produced the compound [Pb(NOiii)2(EO5)].[xix] In the crystal construction for this compound, the EOv chain is wrapped around the lead ion in an equatorial plane like to that of a crown ether. The ii bidentate nitrate ligands are in trans configuration. The total coordination number is x, with the pb ion in a bicapped square antiprism molecular geometry.

The complex formed past atomic number 82 nitrate with a bithiazole bidentate N-donor ligand is binuclear. The crystal structure shows that the nitrate group forms a bridge between ii lead atoms.[xx] 1 interesting attribute of this blazon of complexes is the presence of a physical gap in the coordination sphere; i.e., the ligands are not placed symmetrically effectually the metal ion. This is potentially due to a lead lone pair of electrons, too plant in lead complexes with an imidazole ligand.[21]

Applications [edit]

Lead nitrate has been used as a heat stabiliser in nylon and polyesters, every bit a coating for photothermographic newspaper, and in rodenticides.[10]

Heating atomic number 82 nitrate is user-friendly ways of making nitrogen dioxide

2 Atomic number 82 ( NO 3 ) ii → Δ two PbO + iv NO 2 + O 2 {\displaystyle {\ce {2 Pb(NO_3)_2->[\Delta]2PbO + 4NO_2 +O_2}}}

In the gold cyanidation process, addition of lead(II) nitrate solution improves the leaching process. Just express amounts (10 to 100 milligrams pb nitrate per kilogram gold) are required.[22] [23]

In organic chemical science, information technology may be used in the preparation of isothiocyanates from dithiocarbamates.[24] Its use as a bromide scavenger during SouthNorth1 substitution has been reported.[25]

Safety [edit]

Lead(Two) nitrate is toxic, and ingestion may lead to acute pb poisoning, as is applicable for all soluble lead compounds.[26] All inorganic atomic number 82 compounds are classified by the International Agency for Enquiry on Cancer (IARC) equally probably carcinogenic to humans (Category 2A).[27] They have been linked to renal cancer and glioma in experimental animals and to renal cancer, brain cancer and lung cancer in humans, although studies of workers exposed to lead are often complicated by concurrent exposure to arsenic.[28] Pb is known to substitute for zinc in a number of enzymes, including δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (porphobilinogen synthase) in the haem biosynthetic pathway and pyrimidine-v′-nucleotidase, important for the right metabolism of DNA and can therefore cause fetal damage.[29]

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b CRC handbook of chemistry and physics : a ready-reference volume of chemical and concrete data. William M. Haynes, David R. Lide, Thomas J. Bruno (2016-2017, 97th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida. 2016. ISBN978-i-4987-5428-6. OCLC 930681942. {{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  2. ^ a b Patnaik, Pradyot (2003). Handbook of inorganic chemicals. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 475. ISBN0-07-049439-viii. OCLC 50252041.
  3. ^ "Lead compounds (as Pb)". Immediately Unsafe to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH). National Institute for Occupational Safe and Wellness (NIOSH).
  4. ^ "Lead nitrate". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov . Retrieved 19 Dec 2021.
  5. ^ Libavius, Andreas (1595). Alchemia Andreæ Libavii. Francofurti: Iohannes Saurius.
  6. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Atomic number 82". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge Academy Press. pp. 314–320.
  7. ^ Macgregor, John (1847). Progress of America to year 1846. London: Whittaker & Co. ISBN0-665-51791-2.
  8. ^ Partington, James Riddick (1950). A Text-book of Inorganic Chemistry. MacMillan. p. 838.
  9. ^ a b Barkley, J. B. (October 1978). "Atomic number 82 nitrate as an oxidizer in blackpowder". Pyrotechnica. Post Falls, Idaho: Pyrotechnica Publications. 4: 16–18.
  10. ^ a b Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, A. (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 388, 456. ISBN0-7506-3365-4.
  11. ^ Othmer, D. F. (1967). Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemic Technology. Vol. 12 (Iron to Manganese) (2nd completely revised ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons. p. 272. ISBN0-471-02040-0.
  12. ^ "Product itemize; other products". Tilly, Belgium: Sidech. Archived from the original on 2007-07-01. Retrieved 2008-01-05 .
  13. ^ Hamilton, Due west. C. (1957). "A neutron crystallographic study of lead nitrate". Acta Crystallogr. 10 (2): 103–107. doi:ten.1107/S0365110X57000304.
  14. ^ a b Nowotny, H.; G. Heger (1986). "Construction refinement of atomic number 82 nitrate". Acta Crystallogr. C. 42 (ii): 133–35. doi:x.1107/S0108270186097032.
  15. ^ "Cấu trúc của chì nitrat". Retrieved 15 July 2019.
  16. ^ Ferris, L. K. (1959). "Lead nitrate—Nitric acrid—Water system". Journal of Chemical & Applied science Data. 5 (3): 242. doi:10.1021/je60007a002.
  17. ^ Pauley, J. L.; M. K. Testerman (1954). "Basic Salts of Pb Nitrate Formed in Aqueous Media". Journal of the American Chemical Gild. 76 (16): 4220–4222. doi:10.1021/ja01645a062.
  18. ^ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2d ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN978-0-08-037941-eight. p. 395
  19. ^ Rogers, Robin D.; Andrew H. Bond; Debra G. Roden (1996). "Structural Chemical science of Poly (ethylene glycol). Complexes of Lead(Two) Nitrate and Lead(Ii) Bromide". Inorg. Chem. 35 (24): 6964–6973. doi:10.1021/ic960587b. PMID 11666874.
  20. ^ Mahjoub, Ali Reza; Ali Morsali (2001). "A Dimeric Mixed-Anions Pb(Two) Circuitous: Synthesis and Structural Characterization of [Pbii(BTZ)4(NO3)(HiiO)](ClO4)iii {BTZ = 4,4'-Bithiazole}". Chemistry Letters. 30 (12): 1234. doi:ten.1246/cl.2001.1234.
  21. ^ Shuang-Yi Wan; Jian Fan; Taka-aki Okamura; Hui-Fang Zhu; Xing-Mei Ouyang; Wei-Yin Sun & Norikazu Ueyama (2002). "second 4.82 Network with threefold parallel interpenetration from nanometre-sized tripodal ligand and lead(II) nitrate". Chem. Commun. (21): 2520–2521. doi:ten.1039/b207568g.
  22. ^ Habashi, Fathi (1998). "Recent advances in gold metallurgy". Revisa de la Facultad de Ingeniera, Universidad Central de Venezuela. thirteen (2): 43–54.
  23. ^ "Auxiliary agents in aureate cyanidation". Gilded Prospecting and Gold Mining. Retrieved 2008-01-05 .
  24. ^ Dains, F. B.; Brewster, R. Q.; Olander, C. P. "Phenyl isothiocyanate". Organic Syntheses. ; Collective Book, vol. 1, p. 447
  25. ^ Rapoport, H.; Jamison, T. (1998). "(S)-N-(ix-Phenylfluoren-9-yl)alanine and (Due south)-Dimethyl-Northward-(9-phenylfluoren-nine-yl)aspartate". Organic Syntheses. ; Collective Volume, vol. 9, p. 344
  26. ^ "Lead nitrate, Chemical Condom Carte 1000". International Labour Organization, International Occupational Safety and Wellness Information Center. March 1999. Retrieved 2008-01-19 .
  27. ^ "Inorganic and Organic Lead Compounds" (PDF). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. International Agency for Research on Cancer. Suppl. vii: 239. 1987. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-03-06. Retrieved 2008-01-19 .
  28. ^ Earth Wellness Organization, International Bureau for Research on Cancer (2006). "Inorganic and Organic Lead Compounds" (PDF). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. International Bureau for Research on Cancer. 87. ISBN92-832-1287-8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-10-21. Retrieved 2008-01-01 .
  29. ^ Mohammed-Brahim, B.; Buchet, J.P.; Lauwerys, R. (1985). "Erythrocyte pyrimidine v'-nucleotidase activity in workers exposed to lead, mercury or cadmium". Int Arch Occup Environ Wellness. 55 (3): 247–52. doi:10.1007/BF00383757. PMID 2987134. S2CID 40092031.

External links [edit]

  • Woodbury, William D. (1982). "Lead". Mineral Yearbook Metals and Minerals. Bureau of Mines: 515–42. Retrieved 2008-01-18 .
  • "Lead". NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemic Hazards. National Constitute for Occupational Rubber and Health. September 2005. NIOSH 2005-149. Retrieved 2008-01-19 .
  • "Atomic number 82 and Lead Compounds Fact Sail". National Pollutant Inventory. Australian Government, Department of the Surround and Water Resources. July 2007. Archived from the original on January 11, 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-19 .
  • "Atomic number 82". A Salubrious Dwelling house Surround, Health Hazards. U.s. Alliance for healthy homes. Archived from the original on 2008-02-20. Retrieved 2008-01-nineteen .
Material Condom Data Sheets
  • MSDS for lead nitrate, PTCL, Oxford University
  • MSDS for lead nitrate, Scientific discipline Stuff Inc
  • MSDS for lead nitrate, Iowa State University
  • five
  • t
  • e

Salts and covalent derivatives of the nitrate ion

Formula For Lead Ii Nitride,

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead%28II%29_nitrate

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